Black Bolts Under Combined Tension and Shear

A simplified dynamic model of a marine crane is used to calculate the magnitude of dynamic loads arising from lifting cargoes from the deck of a moving supply boat. Typical results show that the maximum dynamic loads acting on the crane system are, in general, much greater than is commonly believed. For North Sea applications, it is suggested that dynamic factors of at least 5 should be used in design. Although motion compensators can be used to minimise system loads, it is maintained that a marine crane should be safe in terms of allowable stresses and fatigue life in the absence of such aids. D.G. Owen

A beam-rotational spring model is presented for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures subjected to monotonically increased or reversed static loading. A beam or frame is treated as an assembly of beam elements. Each beam element has a bilinear hysteretic rotary spring at each end. The beam elements are assumed to remain elastic in bending along their length, but may undergo inelastic bilinear hysteretic axial deformation. M. Seniwongse

The equivalent load method is a technique for replacing a prestressing tendon by a system of external, statically equivalent loads. Bending moments induced in the member under the latter system of loads will represent the total prestressing effect and can be determined by any of the existing techniques for analysing indeterminate structures. Consequently, the method is useful because derived equivalent loads may be employed as input data to computer programs for direct evaluation of the total prestress moments (including secondary moments) for a continuous beam.